Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina

S. L. Olson, and P. C. Rasmussen

2001

Article

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90:233-365

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Taxa discussed in this work:

• Aethiinae
• Alcinae
• Anabernicula
• Anabernicula miniscula
• Anas americana
• Anatini
• Anserinae
• Anserini
• Aythya
• Aythya affinis
• Aythyini
• Balearica
• Balearicinae
• Branta
• Bucephala
• Bulweria
• Calidris
• Calidris melanotos
• Calonectris borealis
• Calonectris diomedea
• Calonectris krantzi
• Capella
• Capella media
• Catarractes
• Catharacta
• Ciconia
• Corvus ossifragus
• Cygnus
• Cygnus columbianus
• Fratercula cirrhata
• Fraterculinae
• Gallinago
• Gavia concinna
• Gavia egeriana
• Gavia fortis
• Gavia palaeodytes
• Gruinae
• Haematopus palliatus
• Histrionicus
• Larus argentatus
• Larus delawarensis
• Larus minutus
• Lestris
• Melanitta
• Mergini
• Miocepphus mcclungi
• Numenius
• Numenius borealis
• Ortalis
• Phoebastria
• Phoebastria albatrus
• Phoebastria anglica
• Phoebastria immutabilis
• Phoebastria nigripes
• Phoebastria rexularum
• Pluvialis
• Procellaria parkinsoni
• Pterodroma lessonii
• Puffinus gravis
• Puffinus lherminieri
• Puffinus puffinus
• Puffinus tenuirostris
• Somateria
• Stercorarius longicaudus
• Stercorarius pomarinus
• Sterna maxima
• Sterna nilotica
• Tadorini
• Uria

Taxonomy:

• Corvus ossifragus belongs to Corvus - Wilson (1812)
• Gavia belongs to Gaviidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Gavia egeriana belongs to Gavia - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Gavia howardae belongs to Gavia - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Gavia concinna belongs to Gavia - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Gavia fortis belongs to Gavia - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Podiceps belongs to Podicipedidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Podiceps auritus belongs to Podiceps - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoebastria albatrus belongs to Phoebastria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Diomedea howardae belongs to Phoebastria albatrus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoebastria nigripes belongs to Phoebastria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoebastria immutabilis belongs to Phoebastria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoebastria rexularum belongs to Phoebastria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pterodromoides minoricensis belongs to Pterodromoides - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pterodromoides belongs to Procellariidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Procellaria belongs to Procellariidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Procellaria aequinoctialis belongs to Procellaria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Procellaria parkinsoni belongs to Procellaria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pterodroma lessonii belongs to Pterodroma - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Bulweria belongs to Procellariidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pachyptila belongs to Procellariidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Calonectris krantzi belongs to Calonectris - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Calonectris borealis belongs to Calonectris - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Calonectris diomedea belongs to Calonectris - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Puffinus pacificoides belongs to Puffinus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Puffinus gravis belongs to Puffinus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Puffinus puffinus belongs to Puffinus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Puffinus lherminieri belongs to Puffinus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pelecanus schreiberi belongs to Pelecanus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Morus atlanticus belongs to Morus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Morus loxostylus belongs to Morus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Morus peninsularis belongs to Morus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phalacrocorax wetmorei belongs to Phalacrocorax - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Stercorarius parasiticus belongs to Stercorarius - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Larus argentatus belongs to Larus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Larus delawarensis belongs to Larus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Larus atricilla belongs to Larus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Larus ridibundus belongs to Larus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Larus minutus belongs to Larus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Sterna maxima belongs to Sterna - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Sterna nilotica belongs to Sterna - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pinguinus belongs to Alcinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pinguinus alfrednewtoni belongs to Pinguinus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Alle belongs to Alcinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Fratercula arctica belongs to Fratercula - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Fratercula cirrhata belongs to Fratercula - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Cygnus columbianus belongs to Cygnus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anserini belongs to Anserinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anser belongs to Anserini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anser arizonae belongs to Anser - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Branta bernicla belongs to Branta - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Tadorini belongs to Anatinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anabernicula miniscula belongs to Anabernicula - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anas acuta belongs to Anas - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anas americana belongs to Anas - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anas clypeata belongs to Anas - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anas discors belongs to Anas - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Aythyini belongs to Anatinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Aythya affinis belongs to Aythya - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Somateria mollissima belongs to Somateria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Histrionicus histrionicus belongs to Histrionicus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Melanitta belongs to Mergini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Melanitta perspicillata belongs to Melanitta - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Melanitta nigra belongs to Melanitta - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Bucephala clangula belongs to Bucephala - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Bucephala albeola belongs to Bucephala - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Grus americana belongs to Grus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Grus antigone belongs to Grus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Palostralegus belongs to Haematopus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Palostralegus sulcatus belongs to Haematopus palliatus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pluvialis belongs to Charadriidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pluvialis squatarola belongs to Pluvialis - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Numenius borealis belongs to Numenius - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Capella media belongs to Capella - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Tringa ochropus belongs to Tringa - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Tringa belongs to Scolopacidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Calidris melanotos belongs to Calidris - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoenicopterus belongs to Phoenicopteridae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Phoenicopterus floridanus belongs to Phoenicopterus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Eudocimus belongs to Plataleidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ardea belongs to Ardeidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ardea cinerea belongs to Ardea - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ciconia belongs to Ciconiidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Buteo belongs to Accipitridae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ortalis belongs to Cracidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Meleagris belongs to Phasianidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ectopistes belongs to Columbidae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Bucephala belongs to Mergini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anabernicula belongs to Anatini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Anatini belongs to Anatinae - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Aythya belongs to Aythyini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Somateria belongs to Mergini - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Ectopistes migratorius belongs to Ectopistes - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Australca belongs to Alca - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pliodytes belongs to Podiceps - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Pliodytes lanquisti belongs to Podiceps auritus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Gavia palaeodytes belongs to Gavia concinna - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Fulica pisana belongs to Podiceps auritus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Podiceps howardae belongs to Podiceps auritus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Diomedea californica belongs to Phoebastria anglica - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Morus avitus belongs to Morus - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)
• Uria affinis belongs to Uria - Olson and Rasmussen (2001)