Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae

E. S. Gaffney, H. Tong, and P. A. Meylan

2006

Article

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300:1-318

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Taxa discussed in this work:

• Acanthochelys
• Apertotemporalis baharijensis
• Apodichelys lucianoi
• Araiochelys
• Araiochelys hirayamai
• Araripemydidae
• Araripemys barretoi
• Bantuchelys
• Bothremydina
• Bothremydini
• Bothremydinura
• Bothremydodda
• Bothremys kellyi
• Bothremys maghrebiana
• Carteremys leithi
• Cearachelyini
• Cearachelyodda
• Chedighaii
• Chedighaii barberi
• Chedighaii hutchisoni
• Cheloides
• Crassachelys neurirregularis
• Dirqadim
• Dirqadim schaefferi
• Elochelys
• Elochelys major
• Elochelys perfecta
• Elseya
• Elusor
• Euclastochelys
• Euclastochelys interrupta
• Eupleurodira
• Euraxemydidae
• Euraxemydoidea
• Euraxemys
• Euraxemys essweini
• Eusarkia rotundiformis
• Foxemydina
• Gafsachelys moularensis
• Hamadachelys
• Hamadachelys escuilliei
• Kurmademydinae
• Kurmademydini
• Labrostochelys
• Labrostochelys galkini
• Megapleurodira
• Minipleurodira
• Naiadochelys patagonica
• Nigeremydina
• Nigeremys
• Nigeremys gigantea
• Palaeaspis conybearii
• Pelomedusera
• Pelomedusoides
• Platychelira
• Podocnemidera
• Podocnemidinura
• Podocnemidoidea
• Podocnemis lata
• Polysternon atlanticum
• Prochonias
• Prochonias enodis
• Pseudemydura
• Rheodytes
• Rhothonemys
• Rhothonemys brinkmani
• Rosasia soutoi
• Shweboemys pisdurensis
• Sokotochelys lawanbungudui
• Sokotochelys umarumohammedi
• Taphrosphyina
• Taphrosphyini
• Taphrosphys ambiguus
• Taphrosphys congolensis
• Taphrosphys ippolitoi
• Taquetochelys
• Taquetochelys decorata
• Teneremys lapparenti
• Ummulisani
• Ummulisani rutgersensis
• Yaminuechelys maior

Taxonomy:

• Shweboemys pisdurensis belongs to Shweboemys - Jain (1986)
• Proganochelydia belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Casichelydia belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Minipleurodira belongs to Pleurodira - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Megapleurodira belongs to Pleurodira - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Dortoka belongs to Dortokidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Ronella belongs to Dortokidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Dortoka vasconica belongs to Dortoka - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Ronella botanica belongs to Ronella - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Platychelyidae belongs to Platychelira - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Cheloides belongs to Eupleurodira - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Chelidae belongs to Cheloides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Chelus belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Emydura belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Hydromedusa belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Platemys belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Pseudemydura belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Rheodytes belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bonapartemys belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Lomalatachelys belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Palaeophrynops belongs to Chelidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Pelomedusera belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Pelomedusidae belongs to Pelomedusera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Pelusios belongs to Pelomedusidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araripemydidae belongs to Pelomedusera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araripemys belongs to Araripemydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araripemys barretoi belongs to Araripemys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araripemys arturi belongs to Araripemys barretoi - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemidera belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Teneremys belongs to Podocnemidera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Teneremys lapparenti belongs to Teneremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Platycheloides nyasae belongs to Podocnemidera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euraxemydoidea belongs to Podocnemidera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euraxemydidae belongs to Euraxemydoidea - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euraxemys belongs to Euraxemydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euraxemys essweini belongs to Euraxemys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Dirqadim belongs to Euraxemydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Dirqadim schaefferi belongs to Dirqadim - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemidoidea belongs to Podocnemidera - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemidinura belongs to Podocnemidoidea - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Hamadachelys escuilliei belongs to Hamadachelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydinura belongs to Eupleurodira - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydidae belongs to Bothremydinura - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Kurmademydinae belongs to Bothremydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Kurmademydini belongs to Kurmademydinae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Kurmademys belongs to Kurmademydini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Kurmademys kallamedensis belongs to Kurmademys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Sankuchemys belongs to Kurmademydini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Sankuchemys sethnai belongs to Sankuchemys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydinae belongs to Bothremydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Cearachelys belongs to Cearachelyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Galianemys belongs to Cearachelyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Polysternon belongs to Foxemydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Zolhafah belongs to Bothremydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Rosasia belongs to Bothremydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Cearachelyodda belongs to Bothremydinae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Cearachelyini belongs to Cearachelyodda - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Galianemys whitei belongs to Galianemys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydodda belongs to Bothremydinae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydini belongs to Bothremydodda - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Polysternon provinciale belongs to Polysternon - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Elochelys major belongs to Polysternon provinciale - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Polysternon atlanticum belongs to Polysternon - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremydina belongs to Bothremydini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Zolhafah bella belongs to Zolhafah - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Rosasia soutoi belongs to Rosasia - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araiochelys belongs to Bothremydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Araiochelys hirayamai belongs to Araiochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Karkaemys belongs to Bothremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremys maghrebiana belongs to Bothremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremys kellyi belongs to Bothremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremys arabicus belongs to Bothremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Chedighaii hutchisoni belongs to Chedighaii - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Chedighaii barberi belongs to Chedighaii - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemis alabamae belongs to Chedighaii barberi - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphyini belongs to Bothremydodda - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphyina belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Prochonias belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Amblypeza belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bantuchelys belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys sulcatus belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys molops belongs to Taphrosphys sulcatus - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys leslianus belongs to Taphrosphys sulcatus - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Amblypeza antellius belongs to Taphrosphys sulcatus - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys ippolitoi belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys congolensis belongs to Taphrosphys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Labrostochelys belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Labrostochelys galkini belongs to Labrostochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Phosphatochelys belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Ummulisani belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Ummulisani rutgersensis belongs to Ummulisani - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Rhothonemys belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Rhothonemys brinkmani belongs to Rhothonemys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Azabbaremys belongs to Taphrosphyina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Nigeremydina belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Nigeremys gigantea belongs to Nigeremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Arenila belongs to Nigeremydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Arenila krebsi belongs to Arenila - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Apodichelys belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Apodichelys lucianoi belongs to Apodichelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Chrysemys montolivensis belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Palaeaspis belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Palaeaspis conybearii belongs to Palaeaspis - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Palaeaspis bowerbanki belongs to Palaeaspis - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemis somaliensis belongs to Bothremydidae - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemis parva belongs to Bothremydini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys olssoni belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys ambiguus belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys miocenica belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Apertotemporalis baharijensis belongs to Apertotemporalis - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Apertotemporalis belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Carteremys leithi belongs to Carteremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Gafsachelys belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Crassachelys neurirregularis belongs to Crassachelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Crassachelys belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Eusarkia rotundiformis belongs to Eusarkia - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Eusarkia belongs to Taphrosphyini - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Gafsachelys moularensis belongs to Gafsachelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Gafsachelys phosphatica belongs to Gafsachelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Naiadochelys ingravata belongs to Naiadochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Naiadochelys belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Naiadochelys patagonica belongs to Naiadochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Podocnemis lata belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Sokotochelys lawanbungudui belongs to Sokotochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Sokotochelys umarumohammedi belongs to Sokotochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Sokotochelys belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Taphrosphys dares belongs to Pelomedusoides - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Murrhardtia belongs to Proterochersis - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Murrhardtia staeschei belongs to Proterochersis robusta - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euclastochelys belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Euclastochelys interrupta belongs to Testudines - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Prochonias longinuchus belongs to Taphrosphys sulcatus - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Bothremys cooki belongs to Bothremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Prochonias enodis belongs to Taphrosphys sulcatus - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Phosphatochelys tedfordi belongs to Phosphatochelys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Azabbaremys moragjonesi belongs to Azabbaremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Nigeremys belongs to Nigeremydina - Gaffney et al. (2006)
• Potamochelys belongs to Nigeremys - Gaffney et al. (2006)