Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

B. C. Livezey, and R. L. Zusi

2007

Article

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149(1):1-95

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Taxa discussed in this work:

• Accipitrinae
• Accipitroidea
• Acryllium
• Aegotheli
• Alcedininae
• Alcedinoidea
• Alcides
• Anhimae
• Anomalogonates
• Anomalopterygidae
• Anseranatidae
• Anseranatoidea
• Apodinae
• Apsaravidae
• Apsaraviformes
• Apterygimorphae
• Archaeornithes
• Ardeiformes
• Ardeinae
• Ardeini
• Balaeniceps
• Balaenicipites
• Balaenicipitiformes
• Bombycilla
• Bombycillidae
• Botaurinae
• Botaurini
• Brachypteraciidae
• Bucerotes
• Bucerotides
• Burhinoidea
• Cacatuidae
• Capitonoidea
• Caprimulgi
• Cariamides
• Cariamoidea
• Casuariimorphae
• Cathartae
• Cathartidae
• Centropodinae
• Charadriides
• Charadriimorphae
• Charadrioidea
• Chionidides
• Ciconiae
• Ciconiimorphae
• Ciconioidea
• Cladorhynchini
• Cladorhynchus
• Coccyges
• Cochleariidae
• Columbae
• Coraciides
• Coracioidea
• Corvida
• Craci
• Cracoidea
• Crotophaginae
• Crypturi
• Cuculi
• Cuculimorphae
• Cuculinae
• Cursoriinae
• Cypselinae
• Cypselomorphae
• Dendrornithes
• Didunculinae
• Didunculus
• Dromaeomorphae
• Dromaides
• Dromornithiformes
• Eoaves
• Euenantiornithes
• Eurypygae
• Eurypygides
• Falconides
• Falconimorphae
• Falconinae
• Falconoidea
• Fregata
• Fregatides
• Fregatoidea
• Galloanserae
• Galloanserimorphae
• Gallus
• Gaviomorphae
• Glareolinae
• Glareoloidea
• Goura
• Gourinae
• Gypaetinae
• Haematopodinae
• Haematopoidea
• Halcyoninae
• Hemiprocni
• Hemiprocnidae
• Heteroscelus
• Himantopodinae
• Himantopodini
• Ibidorhynchinae
• Ibidorhynchus
• Incessores
• Jynginae
• Lari
• Larides
• Larinae
• Laroidea
• Leptosomatoidea
• Leptosomus
• Limicolae
• Loriinidae
• Megapodiidae
• Megapodioidea
• Meleagridoidea
• Menura
• Menurae
• Menuridae
• Meropides
• Motmotidae
• Motmotoidea
• Musophagi
• Natatores
• Neoaves
• Neognathae
• Neomorphinae
• Neornithes
• Nestoridae
• Numida
• Numidinae
• Nyctibiidae
• Oceanitoidea
• Odontoholomorphae
• Odontopterygidae
• Opisthocomiformes
• Opisthocomus
• Otides
• Pachyptilinae
• Palaeoaves
• Palaeognathae
• Paridae
• Parrae
• Passer
• Passerida
• Passerides
• Passerimorphae
• Pedionomae
• Pelecanida
• Pelecanides
• Pelecanimorphae
• Pelecanoidi
• Perdicinae
• Phaenicophacinae
• Phalacrocoracoidea
• Phalaropodidae
• Phasiani
• Phasianinae
• Phasianoidea
• Phodilinae
• Phodilus
• Picoclamatores
• Picoidea
• Pittidae
• Polyborinae
• Procellarae
• Procellariimorphae
• Procellariinae
• Procellarioidea
• Psittacimorphae
• Psophioidea
• Pterocletes
• Ptilonorhynchidae
• Pygopodotubinares
• Rahonavidae
• Rahonaviformes
• Ralliformes
• Raptores
• Ratitae
• Recurvirostrinae
• Rhamphastidae
• Rhynchopidae
• Rhynchopoidea
• Rhynochetides
• Sagittarius
• Sandcoleidae
• Sandcoleiformes
• Scolopacides
• Scolopacoidea
• Scopi
• Serpentariides
• Steatornis
• Steganograllatores
• Sterninae
• Struthionimorphae
• Sylviornithidae
• Telmatorae
• Teratornithi
• Terrestrornithes
• Thinocoroidea
• Threskiornithoidea
• Tigriornithini
• Tigrisoma
• Trogones
• Trogonomorphae
• Turniciformes
• Tyrannidae
• Tyrannides
• Tytoninae
• Upupides

Taxonomy:

• Palaeoaves belongs to Aves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Archaeornithes belongs to Palaeoaves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Archaeopterygiformes belongs to Archaeornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Archaeopterygidae belongs to Archaeopterygiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rahonaviformes belongs to Euenantiornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rahonavidae belongs to Rahonaviformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apsaraviformes belongs to Euenantiornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apsaravidae belongs to Apsaraviformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Eoaves belongs to Aves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Lithornithiformes belongs to Eoaves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Lithornithidae belongs to Lithornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ichthyornithidae belongs to Ichthyornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Hesperornithidae belongs to Hesperornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Odontoholomorphae belongs to Ornithurae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ichthyornithes belongs to Odontoholomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Palaeognathae belongs to Neornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Crypturi belongs to Palaeognathae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ratitae belongs to Palaeognathae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromaeomorphae belongs to Crypturi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tinamiformes belongs to Dromaeomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tinamidae belongs to Tinamiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apterygimorphae belongs to Ratitae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apterygiformes belongs to Apterygimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apterygidae belongs to Apterygiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dinornithiformes belongs to Apterygimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anomalopterygidae belongs to Dinornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dinornithidae belongs to Dinornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Casuariimorphae belongs to Ratitae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Casuariiformes belongs to Casuariimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Casuariidae belongs to Casuariiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromaiidae belongs to Casuariiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Struthionimorphae belongs to Ratitae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aepyornithiformes belongs to Struthionimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aepyornithidae belongs to Aepyornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Struthioniformes belongs to Struthionimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Struthionidae belongs to Struthioniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rheidae belongs to Struthioniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Neognathae belongs to Neornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Galloanserae belongs to Neognathae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Galloanserimorphae belongs to Galloanserae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Galliformes belongs to Galloanserimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Craci belongs to Galliformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Megapodioidea belongs to Craci - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Megapodiidae belongs to Megapodioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sylviornithidae belongs to Megapodioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cracoidea belongs to Craci - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cracidae belongs to Cracoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phasiani belongs to Galliformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Meleagridoidea belongs to Phasiani - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phasianoidea belongs to Phasiani - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Meleagrididae belongs to Meleagridoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Perdicinae belongs to Phasianidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phasianinae belongs to Phasianidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Numidinae belongs to Phasianidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tetraoninae belongs to Phasianidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromornithiformes belongs to Galloanserimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromornithidae belongs to Dromornithiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Diatrymiformes belongs to Galloanserimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Diatrymidae belongs to Diatrymiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anseriformes belongs to Galloanserimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anhimidae belongs to Anhimae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anhimae belongs to Anseriformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anseres belongs to Anseriformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anseranatoidea belongs to Anseres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anseranatidae belongs to Anseranatoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Presbyornithidae belongs to Anatoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anatoidea belongs to Anseres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anserinae belongs to Anatidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Neoaves belongs to Neognathae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Natatores belongs to Neoaves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pygopodotubinares belongs to Natatores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gaviomorphae belongs to Pygopodotubinares - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gaviiformes belongs to Gaviomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gaviidae belongs to Gaviiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Podicipediformes belongs to Gaviomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Podicipedidae belongs to Podicipediformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellariimorphae belongs to Pygopodotubinares - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellariiformes belongs to Procellariimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecanoidi belongs to Procellariiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellarae belongs to Procellariiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Oceanitoidea belongs to Procellarae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Oceanitidae belongs to Oceanitoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellarioidea belongs to Procellarae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellariidae belongs to Procellarioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Procellariinae belongs to Procellariidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pachyptilinae belongs to Procellariidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Diomedeidae belongs to Procellarioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Steganograllatores belongs to Natatores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecanimorphae belongs to Steganograllatores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Balaenicipitiformes belongs to Pelecanimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Balaenicipites belongs to Balaenicipitiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Balaenicipitidae belongs to Balaenicipites - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecaniformes belongs to Pelecanimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phaethontes belongs to Pelecaniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phaethontidae belongs to Phaethontes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Steganopodes belongs to Pelecaniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Fregatides belongs to Steganopodes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Fregatoidea belongs to Fregatides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Fregatidae belongs to Fregatoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecanides belongs to Steganopodes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecanida belongs to Pelecanides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pelecanidae belongs to Pelecanida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sulida belongs to Pelecanides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sulidae belongs to Suloidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Suloidea belongs to Sulida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phalacrocoracoidea belongs to Sulida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phalacrocoracidae belongs to Phalacrocoracoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anhingidae belongs to Phalacrocoracoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ciconiimorphae belongs to Steganograllatores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ciconiiformes belongs to Ciconiimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scopi belongs to Ciconiiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scopidae belongs to Scopi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ciconiae belongs to Ciconiiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ciconioidea belongs to Ciconiae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ciconiidae belongs to Ciconioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phoenicopteridae belongs to Ciconioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Threskiornithoidea belongs to Ciconiae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Threskiornithidae belongs to Threskiornithoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Plataleidae belongs to Threskiornithoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ardeiformes belongs to Ciconiimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cochleariidae belongs to Ardeiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ardeidae belongs to Ardeiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Botaurinae belongs to Ardeidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ardeinae belongs to Ardeidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Botaurini belongs to Botaurinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tigriornithini belongs to Botaurinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Nycticoracini belongs to Ardeinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ardeini belongs to Ardeinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Terrestrornithes belongs to Neoaves - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Telmatorae belongs to Terrestrornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Charadriimorphae belongs to Telmatorae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gruiformes belongs to Charadriimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Otides belongs to Cariamae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Otididae belongs to Otides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cariamides belongs to Cariamae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cariamoidea belongs to Cariamides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bathornithidae belongs to Cariamoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cariamidae belongs to Cariamoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Eurypygae belongs to Gruiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Eurypygides belongs to Eurypygae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Eurypygidae belongs to Eurypygides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rhynochetides belongs to Eurypygae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rhynochetidae belongs to Rhynochetides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aptornithidae belongs to Rhynochetides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Grues belongs to Gruiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Psophioidea belongs to Grues - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Psophiidae belongs to Psophioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gruoidea belongs to Grues - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aramidae belongs to Gruoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gruidae belongs to Gruoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Turniciformes belongs to Charadriimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Mesitornithidae belongs to Turniciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ralliformes belongs to Charadriimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Heliornithidae belongs to Ralliformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rallidae belongs to Ralliformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pedionomae belongs to Charadriiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pedionomidae belongs to Pedionomae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Parrae belongs to Charadriiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Jacanidae belongs to Parrae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rostratulidae belongs to Parrae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Limicolae belongs to Charadriiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromaides belongs to Limicolae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dromadidae belongs to Dromaides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scolopacides belongs to Limicolae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Thinocoroidea belongs to Scolopacides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Thinocoridae belongs to Thinocoroidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scolopacoidea belongs to Scolopacides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scolopacidae belongs to Scolopacoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phalaropodidae belongs to Scolopacoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Charadriides belongs to Limicolae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Charadrioidea belongs to Charadriides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Charadriidae belongs to Charadrioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Glareoloidea belongs to Charadriides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Glareolidae belongs to Glareoloidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Glareolinae belongs to Glareolidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cursoriinae belongs to Glareolidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Burhinoidea belongs to Charadriides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Burhinidae belongs to Burhinoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Haematopoidea belongs to Charadriides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Haematopodidae belongs to Haematopoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Haematopodinae belongs to Haematopodidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ibidorhynchinae belongs to Haematopodidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Recurvirostridae belongs to Haematopoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Recurvirostrinae belongs to Recurvirostridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Himantopodinae belongs to Recurvirostridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Himantopodini belongs to Himantopodinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cladorhynchini belongs to Himantopodinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Lari belongs to Charadriiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Chionidides belongs to Lari - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Chionididae belongs to Chionidides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Alcides belongs to Lari - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Larides belongs to Lari - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Laroidea belongs to Larides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Laridae belongs to Laroidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Larinae belongs to Laridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Stercorariidae belongs to Laroidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sterninae belongs to Laridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rhynchopoidea belongs to Larides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rhynchopidae belongs to Rhynchopoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Dendrornithes belongs to Terrestrornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Raptores belongs to Dendrornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconimorphae belongs to Raptores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconiformes belongs to Falconimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Teratornithi belongs to Falconiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cathartae belongs to Falconiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Accipitres belongs to Falconiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Serpentariides belongs to Accipitres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sagittariidae belongs to Serpentariides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconides belongs to Accipitres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconoidea belongs to Falconides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconidae belongs to Falconoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Falconinae belongs to Falconidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Polyborinae belongs to Falconidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pandionidae belongs to Falconoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Accipitroidea belongs to Falconides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Accipitridae belongs to Accipitroidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Accipitrinae belongs to Accipitridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gypaetinae belongs to Accipitridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Strigiformes belongs to Falconimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tytonidae belongs to Strigiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Strigidae belongs to Strigiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tytoninae belongs to Tytonidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phodilinae belongs to Tytonidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anomalogonates belongs to Dendrornithes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Coccyges belongs to Anomalogonates - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cuculimorphae belongs to Coccyges - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Opisthocomiformes belongs to Cuculimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Opisthocomidae belongs to Opisthocomiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cuculiformes belongs to Cuculimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Fregata belongs to Fregatidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Musophagidae belongs to Musophagi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tigrisoma belongs to Tigriornithini - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cuculi belongs to Cuculiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cuculidae belongs to Cuculi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Neomorphinae belongs to Cuculidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Centropodinae belongs to Cuculidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Crotophaginae belongs to Cuculidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cuculinae belongs to Cuculidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phaenicophacinae belongs to Cuculidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Psittacimorphae belongs to Coccyges - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Psittaciformes belongs to Psittacimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Nestoridae belongs to Psittaciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Psittacidae belongs to Psittaciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cacatuidae belongs to Psittaciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Loriinidae belongs to Psittaciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Columbiformes belongs to Psittacimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pterocletes belongs to Columbiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pteroclidae belongs to Pterocletes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Columbae belongs to Columbiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Columbidae belongs to Columbae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Columbinae belongs to Columbidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Didunculinae belongs to Columbidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Gourinae belongs to Columbidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Raphidae belongs to Columbae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Incessores belongs to Anomalogonates - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cypselomorphae belongs to Incessores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Caprimulgiformes belongs to Cypselomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aegotheli belongs to Caprimulgiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Caprimulgi belongs to Caprimulgiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Aegothelidae belongs to Aegotheli - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Caprimulgidae belongs to Caprimulgi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Nyctibiidae belongs to Caprimulgi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Podargidae belongs to Caprimulgi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Steatornithidae belongs to Caprimulgi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apodiformes belongs to Cypselomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Hemiprocni belongs to Apodiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Hemiprocnidae belongs to Hemiprocni - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apodi belongs to Apodiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apodidae belongs to Apodi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Trochilidae belongs to Apodi - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cypselinae belongs to Apodidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Apodinae belongs to Apodidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Trogones belongs to Anomalogonates - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Trogonomorphae belongs to Trogones - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sandcoleiformes belongs to Trogonomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sandcoleidae belongs to Sandcoleiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Coliiformes belongs to Trogonomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Coliidae belongs to Coliiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Trogoniformes belongs to Trogonomorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Trogonidae belongs to Trogoniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Picoclamatores belongs to Anomalogonates - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passerimorphae belongs to Picoclamatores - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Coraciiformes belongs to Passerimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bucerotes belongs to Coraciiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Upupides belongs to Bucerotes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Upupidae belongs to Upupides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phoeniculidae belongs to Upupides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bucerotides belongs to Bucerotes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bucerotidae belongs to Bucerotides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Halcyones belongs to Coraciiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Motmotoidea belongs to Halcyones - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Motmotidae belongs to Motmotoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Alcedinoidea belongs to Halcyones - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Todidae belongs to Alcedinoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Alcedinidae belongs to Alcedinoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Alcedininae belongs to Alcedinidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Halcyoninae belongs to Alcedinidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Meropides belongs to Coracii - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Meropidae belongs to Meropides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Coraciides belongs to Coracii - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Leptosomatoidea belongs to Coraciides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Leptosomidae belongs to Leptosomatoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Piciformes belongs to Passerimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Galbulae belongs to Piciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Galbulidae belongs to Galbulae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bucconidae belongs to Galbulae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pici belongs to Piciformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Capitonoidea belongs to Pici - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Capitonidae belongs to Capitonoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rhamphastidae belongs to Capitonoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Picoidea belongs to Pici - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Indicatoridae belongs to Picoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Picidae belongs to Picoidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Jynginae belongs to Picidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Picinae belongs to Picidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passeriformes belongs to Passerimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Menurae belongs to Passeriformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Menuridae belongs to Menurae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passeres belongs to Passeriformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tyrannides belongs to Passeres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Tyrannidae belongs to Tyrannides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pittidae belongs to Tyrannides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passerides belongs to Passeres - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Corvida belongs to Passerides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Corvidae belongs to Corvida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ptilonorhynchidae belongs to Corvida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passerida belongs to Passerides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passeridae belongs to Passerida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Paridae belongs to Passerida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bombycillidae belongs to Passerida - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Numida belongs to Numidinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Acryllium belongs to Numidinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Balaeniceps belongs to Balaenicipitidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Scopus belongs to Scopidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Heteroscelus belongs to Scolopacidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Ibidorhynchus belongs to Ibidorhynchinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Cladorhynchus belongs to Cladorhynchini - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pandion belongs to Pandionidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Sagittarius belongs to Sagittariidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phodilus belongs to Phodilinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Opisthocomus belongs to Opisthocomidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Raphus belongs to Raphidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Pezophaps belongs to Raphidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Goura belongs to Gourinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Didunculus belongs to Didunculinae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Steatornis belongs to Steatornithidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Colius belongs to Coliidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Leptosomus belongs to Leptosomidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Bombycilla belongs to Bombycillidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Parus belongs to Paridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Passer belongs to Passeridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Menura belongs to Menuridae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Phoenicopteriformes belongs to Ciconioidea - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Anserimorphae belongs to Galloanserimorphae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Upupiformes belongs to Upupides - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Vulturidae belongs to Cathartidae - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Rheiformes belongs to Struthioniformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)
• Musophagi belongs to Cuculiformes - Livezey and Zusi (2007)