Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae)

X. Wang, R. H. Tedford, and B. E. Taylor

1999

Article

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243:1-392

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Taxa discussed in this work:

• Aelurodon asthenostylus
• Aelurodon mcgrewi
• Aelurodon stirtoni
• Aelurodontina
• Archaeocyon
• Archaeocyon falkenbachi
• Borophagina
• Borophagus parvus
• Carpocyon webbi
• Cormocyon haydeni
• Cynarctina
• Cynarctoides emryi
• Cynarctoides gawnae
• Cynarctoides luskensis
• Cynarctus galushai
• Cynarctus voorhiesi
• Desmocyon
• Desmocyon matthewi
• Epicyon aelurodontoides
• Hesperocyoninae
• Metatomarctus
• Microtomarctus
• Otarocyon
• Otarocyon macdonaldi
• Paracynarctus
• Paracynarctus sinclairi
• Paratomarctus
• Phlaocyon mariae
• Phlaocyon yatkolai
• Phlaocyonini
• Protepicyon
• Protepicyon raki
• Protomarctus
• Psalidocyon
• Psalidocyon marianae
• Rhizocyon

Taxonomy:

• Archaeocyon belongs to Borophaginae - Wang et al. (1999)
• Desmocyon belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Metatomarctus belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Microtomarctus belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Otarocyon belongs to Borophaginae - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paracynarctus belongs to Cynarctina - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paratomarctus belongs to Borophagina - Wang et al. (1999)
• Protepicyon belongs to Borophagina - Wang et al. (1999)
• Protomarctus belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Psalidocyon belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Rhizocyon belongs to Borophaginae - Wang et al. (1999)
• Euoplocyon spissidens belongs to Euoplocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon aphobus belongs to Epicyon haydeni - Wang et al. (1999)
• Euoplocyon brachygnathus belongs to Euoplocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Carpocyon compressus belongs to Carpocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon francisi belongs to Tomarctus brevirostris - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon inflatus belongs to Epicyon saevus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon platyrhinus belongs to Aelurodon ferox - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon simulans belongs to Tomarctus brevirostris - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon multicuspus belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aletocyon belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Archaeocyon falkenbachi belongs to Archaeocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon achoros belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Bassariscops belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus diversidens belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus littoralis belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus parvus belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus secundus belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Canis anceps belongs to Paratomarctus temerarius - Wang et al. (1999)
• Epicyon haydeni belongs to Epicyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides lemur belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tephrocyon rurestris belongs to Tephrocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Epicyon saevus belongs to Epicyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paratomarctus temerarius belongs to Paratomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Carpocyon webbi belongs to Carpocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cormocyon haydeni belongs to Cormocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides emryi belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides gawnae belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides luskensis belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides acridens belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus fortidens belongs to Cynarctus crucidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus galushai belongs to Cynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus mustelinus belongs to Cynarctoides acridens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus voorhiesi belongs to Cynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Metatomarctus canavus belongs to Metatomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynodesmus casei belongs to Paracynarctus kelloggi - Wang et al. (1999)
• Otarocyon cooki belongs to Otarocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynodesmus cuspidatus belongs to Carpocyon compressus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paratomarctus euthos belongs to Paratomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon minor belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Desmocyon thomsoni belongs to Desmocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Rhizocyon oregonensis belongs to Rhizocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Desmocyon matthewi belongs to Desmocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Epicyon aelurodontoides belongs to Epicyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Euoplocyon praedator belongs to Euoplocyon brachygnathus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Felis hillanus belongs to Borophagus diversidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Nothocyon geismarianus belongs to Nothocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon latidens belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus cyonoides belongs to Borophagus secundus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus direptor belongs to Borophagus secundus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus matthewi belongs to Borophagus diversidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus pachyodon belongs to Borophagus diversidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus solus belongs to Borophagus diversidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Hyaenognathus belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon annectens belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Nothocyon insularis belongs to Metatomarctus canavus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Archaeocyon leptodus belongs to Archaeocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Nothocyon regulus belongs to Desmocyon thomsoni - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides roii belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus crassapineatus belongs to Borophagus hilli - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus diabloensis belongs to Borophagus littoralis - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus galushai belongs to Borophagus pugnator - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus hilli belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus orc belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus progressus belongs to Borophagus hilli - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus ricardoensis belongs to Epicyon haydeni - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus validus belongs to Epicyon haydeni - Wang et al. (1999)
• Osteoborus belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Otarocyon macdonaldi belongs to Otarocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides harlowi belongs to Cynarctoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paracynarctus sinclairi belongs to Paracynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon mariae belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon willistoni belongs to Phlaocyon annectens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon yatkolai belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus dudleyi belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Pliogulo belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Porthocyon dubius belongs to Borophagus diversidens - Wang et al. (1999)
• Borophagus pugnator belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Porthocyon belongs to Borophagus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Prohyaena belongs to Aelurodon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Protepicyon raki belongs to Protepicyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Psalidocyon marianae belongs to Psalidocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Archaeocyon pavidus belongs to Archaeocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Aelurodon stirtoni belongs to Aelurodon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Strobodon belongs to Aelurodon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Microtomarctus conferta belongs to Microtomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus hippophaga belongs to Tomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tephrocyon marshi belongs to Aelurodon ferox - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tephrocyon mortifer belongs to Epicyon haydeni - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tephrocyon belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus marylandica belongs to Cynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Protomarctus optatus belongs to Protomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus paulus belongs to Microtomarctus conferta - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus propter belongs to Aelurodon taxoides - Wang et al. (1999)
• Carpocyon robustus belongs to Carpocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus thomasi belongs to Metatomarctus canavus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Paracynarctus kelloggi belongs to Paracynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyonini belongs to Borophaginae - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctina belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Oxetocyon belongs to Borophaginae - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctoides belongs to Phlaocyonini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon belongs to Phlaocyonini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cormocyon belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus belongs to Cynarctina - Wang et al. (1999)
• Euoplocyon belongs to Borophagini - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus belongs to Aelurodontina - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus crucidens belongs to Cynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Tomarctus brevirostris belongs to Tomarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Oxetocyon cuspidatus belongs to Oxetocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Phlaocyon leucosteus belongs to Phlaocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cormocyon copei belongs to Cormocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynarctus saxatilis belongs to Cynarctus - Wang et al. (1999)
• Carpocyon limosus belongs to Carpocyon - Wang et al. (1999)
• Cynodesmus petersoni belongs to Desmocyon - Wang et al. (1999)